The Makhana (Fox Nut) Development Scheme, being implemented in Uttar Pradesh through the Department of Horticulture and Food Processing, seeks to promote scientific makhana cultivation and develop a complete value chain for this high-value crop.
For pond-based cultivation, the unit cost is Rs 1.79 lakh per hectare, with farmers generally eligible for 40 per cent assistance, subject to the prescribed ceiling. For field-based cultivation, the unit cost is Rs 1.32 lakh per hectare, with 40 per cent assistance available to eligible farmers. Since the scheme is a 100 per cent centrally funded Central Sector Scheme, Uttar Pradesh submits its Annual Action Plan for approval and release of funds.
Because several districts, especially in Purvanchal and other waterlogged areas, have natural conditions suitable for makhana cultivation, the initiative is particularly relevant for Uttar Pradesh. Because it can facilitate the expansion of makhana beyond traditional pond-based production and make cultivation possible in additional suitable areas, field-based cultivation is particularly important for Uttar Pradesh. The scheme promotes Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) so that farmers can adopt more efficient and scientifically managed cultivation practices.
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Assistance for Cultivation Under the Central Sector Scheme, financial assistance is provided according to prescribed cost norms. The scheme also supports construction of new ponds, with assistance available according to prescribed norms. Training support is provided according to prescribed norms, helping farmers acquire the technical knowledge needed to improve productivity and crop quality. Applications and beneficiary selection are handled according to the procedures and targets notified by the department and district authorities.
Makhana, also known as fox nut (Euryale ferox), has traditionally been cultivated mainly in Bihar. With the expansion of scientific cultivation and growing demand for nutritious and value-added food products, Uttar Pradesh is seeking to establish makhana as an additional income-generating crop for farmers, particularly in areas where conventional agriculture is constrained by waterlogging. Focus on Waterlogged Areas The Uttar Pradesh government’s approach focuses on identifying suitable ponds, low-lying and waterlogged areas and bringing them under productive cultivation. Districts such as Kushinagar, Siddharthnagar, Ghazipur, Ballia, Maharajganj, Varanasi and Basti, along with other suitable districts, have potential for expansion. The scheme also provides an opportunity to integrate makhana cultivation with activities such as fish farming, enabling farmers to generate additional income from the same water resource. In Uttar Pradesh, convergence with other government programmes for farm ponds and water-resource development can further strengthen the infrastructure required for makhana cultivation. Better Seed and Scientific Farming One of the major objectives is to shift farmers from traditional practices towards quality planting material and scientific cultivation techniques. The scheme provides support for production of quality makhana seed and improved planting material. Farmers are also trained in nursery management, sowing, nutrient management, pest management, harvesting and other scientific practices. Building a Complete Makhana Value Chain The Uttar Pradesh government’s focus is not limited to increasing cultivation. The scheme envisages development of the entire farm-to-market value chain. Assistance is available for harvesting equipment, post-harvest handling and processing facilities. Support for processing and value addition can enable entrepreneurs, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), cooperatives and other eligible entities to establish units for cleaning, grading, processing, packaging and other activities. The scheme also provides opportunities for FPOs, Farmer Producer Companies, cooperatives and self-help groups to participate in seed production, cultivation, processing and marketing. Marketing and Export Promotion The scheme also provides for buyer-seller meetings, exhibitions, sales promotion, branding and market development. These interventions are intended to connect producers with larger markets and create opportunities for value-added makhana products. For Uttar Pradesh, the development of such market linkages can help create a local ecosystem involving farmers, processors, traders, FPOs and entrepreneurs. Over time, this can also support the emergence of makhana-based enterprises in districts where cultivation is being expanded. Centre of Excellence and Technology The scheme provides for activities such as a Centre of Excellence, demonstrations, research and development, capacity building and exposure visits. These interventions can help Uttar Pradesh develop locally suitable production practices and disseminate improved technologies among farmers. How the Scheme Benefits Uttar Pradesh For Uttar Pradesh, makhana development offers an opportunity to convert waterlogged and underutilised areas into productive agricultural assets. Instead of treating waterlogging only as a constraint, suitable areas can be developed for a commercially valuable crop. The scheme can contribute to: Expansion of high-value horticultural cultivation Higher productivity through improved technology and quality seed Additional income for farmers in waterlogged areas Integration of makhana with fisheries and other farm activities Creation of local processing and value-addition enterprises Greater participation of FPOs and SHGs in the value chain Employment opportunities in processing, packaging and marketing Improved market access and opportunities for exports Uttar Pradesh’s Implementation Approach The Department of Horticulture and Food Processing is the nodal department for implementation in the state. District-level implementation is undertaken through the horticulture machinery, with eligible farmers and other beneficiaries identified in suitable areas. Farmers generally need documents such as Aadhaar, land records, bank details and photographs, subject to the requirements of the applicable year’s guidelines. The state’s role is particularly important in identifying suitable areas, mobilising farmers, providing technical guidance, organising demonstrations and training, and creating convergence with other schemes. A New Opportunity for Purvanchal For Uttar Pradesh, the Makhana Development Scheme is more than a crop-expansion programme. It provides a framework for developing a new agricultural value chain in regions where water availability and waterlogging can otherwise limit conventional farming. With scientific cultivation, improved planting material, farmer training, FPO participation, processing facilities and stronger market linkages, districts of Purvanchal and other suitable parts of the state can gradually emerge as new centres of makhana production. Download the TOI App.